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Advanced Proof

The Radon-Nikodym Derivative in Risk-Neutral Pricing

Students often conflate the measure Q Q with a change of variables in calculus. Crucially, Z Z is a random variable, not a constant. It represents the likelihood ratio of paths, meaning its value depends entirely on the realized trajectory of the underlying stochastic process up to time t t .
Institutional Reference: Advanced Stochastic Processes
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