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Advanced Proof

The Grand Finale: Chi-Square Tests and Real-World Impact

Students frequently mistake the χ2 \chi^2 statistic for a measure of effect size, rather than a test of goodness-of-fit. It indicates evidence against the null, not the magnitude of association. Furthermore, failing to ensure Ei5 E_i \ge 5 invalidates the asymptotic approximation.
Institutional Reference: Applied Statistics
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