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Advanced Proof

Regime-Switching Models: Unveiling Market Dynamics with Hidden Markov Chains

Students often conflate the transition matrix Π \Pi with the state probabilities. Remember: Π \Pi governs the dynamics between regimes, while the forward-backward algorithm or Viterbi algorithm is required to estimate the latent state St S_t given the observed data sequence.
Institutional Reference: Advanced Stochastic Processes
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