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Intermediate Proof

From Population to Player: Understanding Sampling Methods

Students frequently conflate 'sampling error' with 'bias.' Sampling error is the natural variability inherent in yˉ \bar{y} due to randomness, which decreases with larger n n . Bias, however, is a systematic departure from Yˉ \bar{Y} caused by flawed design, which no amount of increased n n can fix.
Institutional Reference: Applied Statistics
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